<button onclick="sendAjax(1,'sutun_adi');">Button Yazısı</button>
<button onclick="sendAjax(1,'sutun_adi_2');">Button Yazısı</button>

<script>
    function sendAjax(v, s) {
        $.ajax({
            url: 'send-ajax.php',
            type: 'post',
            data: {
                'v': v,
                's': s
            },
            success: function(e) {}
        });
    }
</script>

$value = $_POST['v'];
$sutun_adi = $_POST['s'];

$update = $db->prepare("UPDATE tablo_adi SET $sutun_adi=? WHERE id=X");
$update->execute([$value]);