$(function(){
   $("#kalipkodu").change(function(){
      $("#tanimtext").html($("#kalipkodu option:selected").attr("rel"));
       
   });
});

$('#kalipkodu').on('change', function(e){
    var id = $('#kalipkodu').val();
    if(id > 0){
        var tanim = $('#kalipkodu option:selected').data('tanim');

        $('#tanimtext').val(tanim);

    }else{
        $('#tanimtext').val('');
    }
});

<select name="kalipkodu" id="kalipkodu">
        <option data-tanim="0" value="-1">Kalıp Seçiniz</option>
        <option data-tanim="e" value="1">1</option>
        <option data-tanim="i" value="2">2</option>
        <option data-tanim="u" value="3">3</option>
        <option data-tanim="g" value="4">4</option>
        <option data-tanim="a" value="5">5</option>
        
    
      </select> <input type="text" id="tanimtext">