The software that runs the Google infrastructure includes:[36]
Google Web Server (GWS) — Custom Linux-based Web server that Google uses for its online services.
Storage systems:
Google File System and its successor, Colossus[37]
BigTable — structured storage built upon GFS/Colossus[37]
Spanner — planet-scale structured storage system, next generation of BigTable stack[37][38]
Google F1 — a distributed, quasi-SQL DBMS based on Spanner, substituting a custom version of MySQL.[39]
Chubby lock service
Borg — job scheduling and monitoring system[40]
MapReduce and Sawzall programming language
Indexing/search systems:
TeraGoogle — Google's large search index (launched in early 2006), designed by Anna Paterson of Cuil fame.[41]
Caffeine (Percolator) — continuous indexing system (launched in 2010).[42]
Google has developed several abstractions which it uses for storing most of its data:[43]
Protocol Buffers — "Google's lingua franca for data",[44] a binary serialization format which is widely used within the company.
SSTable (Sorted Strings Table) — a persistent, ordered, immutable map from keys to values, where both keys and values are arbitrary byte strings. It is also used as one of the building blocks of BigTable.[45]
RecordIO — a sequence of variable sized records.[43][46][47]